INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY NOTES
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Introduction:-
The optimum use of ICT in India' higher education system can propel the country to become a
knowledge superpower. The innovative use of information technology (IT) in higher education
addresses the three fundamental challenges that are access equity and quality.
Meaning of information and Communication Technologies:-
Information to United Nations Development programme (UNDP) definition, ICTS are
basically information handling tools- a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to
produce, store, and process, distribute, and exchange information.
ICT includes both old and new tools. Old ICT tools mainly include radio. TV and telephone.
New ICT Tools mainly include computers satellite, wireless technology and the internet.
ICT and Education:-
Liberalization privatization and globalization (LPG) coupled with the advancement in IT,
have opened up a new demand for skilled manpower, especially in the services sector. In this kind of
scenario, education has been indentified ass one of the 12 main services under General Agreement on
Trade in Services (GATS), which needs to be opened up for free flow of trade between countries.
Target community of IT in India:-
As far as India's demographic profile is concerned almost half of India's population is below
25 years of age, 70% people live in rural areas literacy rate is around 60% and people speak 15 major
language. The demand for education outstrips other conventional system's ability to provide it, leaving
no alternative for the use of technology in education.
Objectives of using ICT in Higher Education:-
The objectives of using ICT are the following:-
1. Improving access to the system through online education.
2. Improving the quality of teaching especially across remote locations.
3. Increasing transparency and strengthening systems processes, and compliance norms in higher
education institutes.
4. Measuring the students learning participation and effectiveness.
5. Analyzing students behavior to maximize students involvement, optimizing retentions and
improving
6. Analyzing student's performance, placement Application volume website analytics and social
media metrics for brand audit.
Strengths and Weaknesses of ICTs:-
Strengths:-
1. Individualization of learning:- Individualization of learning means that people learn as individual
and not as a homogenous group.
2. Interactivity:- through interactivity feature, the learner can relate to the content more effectively
go forward and backward in the content.
3. Distance and climate insensitive:- Teaching and learning could be taken out of the conventional
education system of schools and colleges.
4. More economical higher speed of delivery and wider reach
5. Multiple teaching functions and diverse audiences
6. Uniform quality:- if content is well produced and is of good quality the same quality can be
delivered to the rich and the poor, the urban and the rural equally at the same low cost.
Weakness:-
1. High infrastructure and start up costs.
2. Little attention towards individual differ ences in order to achieve economies of scale
3. Accessibility issue
4. ICT is basically a delivery system
5. Difficulty in performance evaluation
6. Continuous training requirement
7. Call for attitudinal change to understanding of teaching and learning.
Major ICT Learning Categories:-
1. E- learning
2. Blended learning
3. Distance learning
E-learning or Electronic Learning:-
It is also known as online learning and is commonly associated with the field of advanced
learning technology (ALT) which deals with both the technologies and associated methodologies in
learning using networked and/or multimedia technologies. It overcomes timing attendance and travel
difficulties. It also allows higher participation and greater interaction.
Blended Learning:-
It refers to learning that occurs in a traditional classroom setting where a faculty member
delivers instructions to a group of learners.
Self –to- face learning:-
It provides the flexibility to learn according to the availability of learners own time and pace.
Online collaborative learning:-
It involves interaction between the learners and the faculty member through the web. This
interaction can occur in one of the following modes (i) synchronous interaction and (ii) asynchronous
interaction, which have been discussed earlier.
Distance learning:-
It is a type of education, where students work on their own at home or at office and
communicate with the faculty and other students via email electronic forums, video conferencing chat
rooms, instant messaging and other forms of computer based communication.
Recent ICT initiatives in Higher Education:-
1. National mission on Education through information and communication Technology (NMEICT)
NMEICT is a centrally sponsored scheme to realize the potential of ICT in teaching learning
process for benefit of all the learners in higher education institutions anytime anywhere.
Under the N-list program of INFLIBNET (under NMEICT), lakhs of e books and thousands
of high quality paid e journals have been made available to colleges and universities with a view
to inculcate research culture in teachers and students.
2. National programme on Technology Enhanced learning (NPTEL)
3. National Knowledge
Major Initiatives in India for providing E- content for different Courses:-
1. Lekhika 2007:- it was developed by the centre for the Development of advanced computing (C-
DAC) under India's IT ministry and Israel's FTK Technologies. The objective of this project is to
spread computer literacy to the masses in India who do not know English.
2. National Programme of Technology Enhanced learning (NPTEL):- IT is a joint initiative of ht
IITs (Indian Institute of Technology and IISc (Indian Institute of Science) to provide e learning
through online web and video courses in engineering science, and humanities stream.
3. National Knowledge Network (NKN) and connected Digital:- An initiative has been
undertaken to cover 1000 institutions besides providing digital campuses, video conference
classrooms, wireless hotspots, laptops/ desktops to all students of professional/science courses,
and Wi-Fi connectivity in hostels.
4. Centre for Distance Engineering Education Program (CDEEP):- CDEEP is an emulated
classroom interaction programme by using real time interactive programme by using real time
interactive satellite technology. This was launched by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Bombay.
5. EDUSAT:- The launch of EDUSAT brought satellite connectivity to large parts of rural India.
India Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is leveraging satellite, TV, and the Interned
Technologies satellite, TV and the Internet Technologies to offer online course.
6. IIMS: IIM-C, IIM-B, IIM-K, XLRI, and other management institutes have started offering
courses (in association with private players like Hughes Global Education, Reliance, NIIT and so
on). After the distance Education council (DEC) allowed them to do so in 2007.
7. Birhaspati:- This open source el learning platform has been developed by IIT- Kanpur.
8. Gyan Darshan:- Launched in 2000, Gyan Darshan is a joint effort of IGNOU and the IITs. Is is a
bouquet of channels that broadcasts educational programmes for school kids, university students,
and adults. Courses are contributed by IGNOU, UGC consortium for Educational communication
(UGC-CEC), IITs, and so on. CEC is an inter university centre of UGC.
9. Gyan Vani:- It is a bouquet of frequency modulation (FM) radio channels which broadcast
programs contributed by institutions such as IGNOU and IITs. Under UGC countrywide
Classroom initiative, education progrmmes are telecast on Gyan Darshan and Doordarshan's
National Channel (DD1) every day.
10.Sakshat Portal:- Launched in 2006 Sakshat is a one stop education portal for addressing all the
education and learning related needs of students scholars, teachers, and lifelong learners.
11.GRID GARUDA:- It is India first national grid bringing together academic scientific are research
communities for developing their data and other applications.
12.Shruti Drishti:- It is basically for visually impaired women empowerment (VIWE).
13.IIT Madras:- It has been assigned the task to develop e contents for 996 courses.
Mobility:-
The mobile phones are rich in the feature that they provide more than just voice calls.
Smartphone's, iphones, kindly etc., which have the internet access, allow students and faculty to
perform a wide range of assignments. Tasks like administration, sharing class notes, downloading
lectures, instant messaging, and so on, are possible wherever cell phone services are available.
Concept of social learning:-
Web 2.0 social networking such as blogs and wikis, you tube, iTunes, and Big Think are
influencing a new trend in higher education. The emergence of smart phones such as the iPhone and
other intelligent devices has enhanced mobile learning (referred to as m-leaning). These technologies
create new channels for content delivery online video expansion, and podcasting.
E-journal consortia:-
AICTE-INDEST is a consortium set up by the Ministry of Human Resource to enhance
greater access and generate annual savings in access of bibliographic databases.
PAL, NTSC, and SECAM:-
1. Phase Alternating Line (PAL):- It is the analogue TV format used in much of western Europe
and other major areas such as china, India Australia, and South America.
2. National Television System committee (NTSC):- It is mainly used in the north American
countries such as USA and Canada. This was the first coloured TV broadcast system.
3. Sequential couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM):- It is also known as sequential colour with
memory. It is used mainly in France and many other western European countries. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the colour information sequentially.
4. Sequential couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM):- It is also known as sequential colour with
memory. It is used mainly in France and many other western European countries. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the colour information sequentially.
Frequency Modulation:-
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that coveys information over a carrier
wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the
carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant.
Prasar Bharati:-
It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act. The Board came
into existence in 1997. Prasar Bharati is public service broadcaster of the country.
All India radio (AIR):-
Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately owned transmitters, one at Bombay
and the other at Calcutta, which were taken over by the Government in 1930.
Doordarshan:-
The experimental telecast started in Delhi in September 1959 with a small transmitter and a
makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965. The TV service was extended to a
second city, Bombay, only in 1972. Till 1975, only seven cities were covered by the TV.
Indian space programme:-
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has established two major space systems. Firstly,
it is India National Satellite System (INSAT) that is Geo-stationary satellites for communication, TV
broadcasting. Secondly it is Indian Remote Sensing Satellites, used for resource monitoring. A
transponder is a wireless communication device that picks up and responds to incoming signals.
India's first EDUSAT (GSAT-3) was launched in 2007. Ku bandwidth (12-18 Ghz) is mostly used for
satellite TV and VSAT systems. Ka-bandwidth (26.5-40Ghz) is used in high definition satellite TV.
D Band has the highest bandwidth and L-band has the lowest bandwidth. India's first moon mission
Chandrayan I was launched in the year 2003. Meteorological satellites (METSAT-I, II etc.) have been
named after kalpana Chawla. (kalpana-I, Kalpana-II).
Introduction:-
The optimum use of ICT in India' higher education system can propel the country to become a
knowledge superpower. The innovative use of information technology (IT) in higher education
addresses the three fundamental challenges that are access equity and quality.
Meaning of information and Communication Technologies:-
Information to United Nations Development programme (UNDP) definition, ICTS are
basically information handling tools- a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to
produce, store, and process, distribute, and exchange information.
ICT includes both old and new tools. Old ICT tools mainly include radio. TV and telephone.
New ICT Tools mainly include computers satellite, wireless technology and the internet.
ICT and Education:-
Liberalization privatization and globalization (LPG) coupled with the advancement in IT,
have opened up a new demand for skilled manpower, especially in the services sector. In this kind of
scenario, education has been indentified ass one of the 12 main services under General Agreement on
Trade in Services (GATS), which needs to be opened up for free flow of trade between countries.
Target community of IT in India:-
As far as India's demographic profile is concerned almost half of India's population is below
25 years of age, 70% people live in rural areas literacy rate is around 60% and people speak 15 major
language. The demand for education outstrips other conventional system's ability to provide it, leaving
no alternative for the use of technology in education.
Objectives of using ICT in Higher Education:-
The objectives of using ICT are the following:-
1. Improving access to the system through online education.
2. Improving the quality of teaching especially across remote locations.
3. Increasing transparency and strengthening systems processes, and compliance norms in higher
education institutes.
4. Measuring the students learning participation and effectiveness.
5. Analyzing students behavior to maximize students involvement, optimizing retentions and
improving
6. Analyzing student's performance, placement Application volume website analytics and social
media metrics for brand audit.
Strengths and Weaknesses of ICTs:-
Strengths:-
1. Individualization of learning:- Individualization of learning means that people learn as individual
and not as a homogenous group.
2. Interactivity:- through interactivity feature, the learner can relate to the content more effectively
go forward and backward in the content.
3. Distance and climate insensitive:- Teaching and learning could be taken out of the conventional
education system of schools and colleges.
4. More economical higher speed of delivery and wider reach
5. Multiple teaching functions and diverse audiences
6. Uniform quality:- if content is well produced and is of good quality the same quality can be
delivered to the rich and the poor, the urban and the rural equally at the same low cost.
Weakness:-
1. High infrastructure and start up costs.
2. Little attention towards individual differ ences in order to achieve economies of scale
3. Accessibility issue
4. ICT is basically a delivery system
5. Difficulty in performance evaluation
6. Continuous training requirement
7. Call for attitudinal change to understanding of teaching and learning.
Major ICT Learning Categories:-
1. E- learning
2. Blended learning
3. Distance learning
E-learning or Electronic Learning:-
It is also known as online learning and is commonly associated with the field of advanced
learning technology (ALT) which deals with both the technologies and associated methodologies in
learning using networked and/or multimedia technologies. It overcomes timing attendance and travel
difficulties. It also allows higher participation and greater interaction.
Blended Learning:-
It refers to learning that occurs in a traditional classroom setting where a faculty member
delivers instructions to a group of learners.
Self –to- face learning:-
It provides the flexibility to learn according to the availability of learners own time and pace.
Online collaborative learning:-
It involves interaction between the learners and the faculty member through the web. This
interaction can occur in one of the following modes (i) synchronous interaction and (ii) asynchronous
interaction, which have been discussed earlier.
Distance learning:-
It is a type of education, where students work on their own at home or at office and
communicate with the faculty and other students via email electronic forums, video conferencing chat
rooms, instant messaging and other forms of computer based communication.
Recent ICT initiatives in Higher Education:-
1. National mission on Education through information and communication Technology (NMEICT)
NMEICT is a centrally sponsored scheme to realize the potential of ICT in teaching learning
process for benefit of all the learners in higher education institutions anytime anywhere.
Under the N-list program of INFLIBNET (under NMEICT), lakhs of e books and thousands
of high quality paid e journals have been made available to colleges and universities with a view
to inculcate research culture in teachers and students.
2. National programme on Technology Enhanced learning (NPTEL)
3. National Knowledge
Major Initiatives in India for providing E- content for different Courses:-
1. Lekhika 2007:- it was developed by the centre for the Development of advanced computing (C-
DAC) under India's IT ministry and Israel's FTK Technologies. The objective of this project is to
spread computer literacy to the masses in India who do not know English.
2. National Programme of Technology Enhanced learning (NPTEL):- IT is a joint initiative of ht
IITs (Indian Institute of Technology and IISc (Indian Institute of Science) to provide e learning
through online web and video courses in engineering science, and humanities stream.
3. National Knowledge Network (NKN) and connected Digital:- An initiative has been
undertaken to cover 1000 institutions besides providing digital campuses, video conference
classrooms, wireless hotspots, laptops/ desktops to all students of professional/science courses,
and Wi-Fi connectivity in hostels.
4. Centre for Distance Engineering Education Program (CDEEP):- CDEEP is an emulated
classroom interaction programme by using real time interactive programme by using real time
interactive satellite technology. This was launched by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Bombay.
5. EDUSAT:- The launch of EDUSAT brought satellite connectivity to large parts of rural India.
India Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is leveraging satellite, TV, and the Interned
Technologies satellite, TV and the Internet Technologies to offer online course.
6. IIMS: IIM-C, IIM-B, IIM-K, XLRI, and other management institutes have started offering
courses (in association with private players like Hughes Global Education, Reliance, NIIT and so
on). After the distance Education council (DEC) allowed them to do so in 2007.
7. Birhaspati:- This open source el learning platform has been developed by IIT- Kanpur.
8. Gyan Darshan:- Launched in 2000, Gyan Darshan is a joint effort of IGNOU and the IITs. Is is a
bouquet of channels that broadcasts educational programmes for school kids, university students,
and adults. Courses are contributed by IGNOU, UGC consortium for Educational communication
(UGC-CEC), IITs, and so on. CEC is an inter university centre of UGC.
9. Gyan Vani:- It is a bouquet of frequency modulation (FM) radio channels which broadcast
programs contributed by institutions such as IGNOU and IITs. Under UGC countrywide
Classroom initiative, education progrmmes are telecast on Gyan Darshan and Doordarshan's
National Channel (DD1) every day.
10.Sakshat Portal:- Launched in 2006 Sakshat is a one stop education portal for addressing all the
education and learning related needs of students scholars, teachers, and lifelong learners.
11.GRID GARUDA:- It is India first national grid bringing together academic scientific are research
communities for developing their data and other applications.
12.Shruti Drishti:- It is basically for visually impaired women empowerment (VIWE).
13.IIT Madras:- It has been assigned the task to develop e contents for 996 courses.
Mobility:-
The mobile phones are rich in the feature that they provide more than just voice calls.
Smartphone's, iphones, kindly etc., which have the internet access, allow students and faculty to
perform a wide range of assignments. Tasks like administration, sharing class notes, downloading
lectures, instant messaging, and so on, are possible wherever cell phone services are available.
Concept of social learning:-
Web 2.0 social networking such as blogs and wikis, you tube, iTunes, and Big Think are
influencing a new trend in higher education. The emergence of smart phones such as the iPhone and
other intelligent devices has enhanced mobile learning (referred to as m-leaning). These technologies
create new channels for content delivery online video expansion, and podcasting.
E-journal consortia:-
AICTE-INDEST is a consortium set up by the Ministry of Human Resource to enhance
greater access and generate annual savings in access of bibliographic databases.
PAL, NTSC, and SECAM:-
1. Phase Alternating Line (PAL):- It is the analogue TV format used in much of western Europe
and other major areas such as china, India Australia, and South America.
2. National Television System committee (NTSC):- It is mainly used in the north American
countries such as USA and Canada. This was the first coloured TV broadcast system.
3. Sequential couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM):- It is also known as sequential colour with
memory. It is used mainly in France and many other western European countries. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the colour information sequentially.
4. Sequential couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM):- It is also known as sequential colour with
memory. It is used mainly in France and many other western European countries. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth as PAL but transmits the colour information sequentially.
Frequency Modulation:-
Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of modulation that coveys information over a carrier
wave by varying its frequency (contrast this with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the
carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant.
Prasar Bharati:-
It is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act. The Board came
into existence in 1997. Prasar Bharati is public service broadcaster of the country.
All India radio (AIR):-
Broadcasting started in India in 1927 with two privately owned transmitters, one at Bombay
and the other at Calcutta, which were taken over by the Government in 1930.
Doordarshan:-
The experimental telecast started in Delhi in September 1959 with a small transmitter and a
makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965. The TV service was extended to a
second city, Bombay, only in 1972. Till 1975, only seven cities were covered by the TV.
Indian space programme:-
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has established two major space systems. Firstly,
it is India National Satellite System (INSAT) that is Geo-stationary satellites for communication, TV
broadcasting. Secondly it is Indian Remote Sensing Satellites, used for resource monitoring. A
transponder is a wireless communication device that picks up and responds to incoming signals.
India's first EDUSAT (GSAT-3) was launched in 2007. Ku bandwidth (12-18 Ghz) is mostly used for
satellite TV and VSAT systems. Ka-bandwidth (26.5-40Ghz) is used in high definition satellite TV.
D Band has the highest bandwidth and L-band has the lowest bandwidth. India's first moon mission
Chandrayan I was launched in the year 2003. Meteorological satellites (METSAT-I, II etc.) have been
named after kalpana Chawla. (kalpana-I, Kalpana-II).
