DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATIONS
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS
Data Interpretation:-
Data interpretation is one of the easiest sections of UGC/CBSE Paper I. It is basically
about drawing conclusions and inferences from a comprehensive data presented numerically
in a tabular or graphical form by means of an illustration, namely, graphs, pie charts, and so
on. Thus, the act of organizing and interpreting data to get meaningful information is data
interpretation. The important aspects of data sources their acquisitions, and interpretation
have been covered in Unit II on Research Aptitude. In this unit, the focus is one solving
practical problems as per questions asked in the UGC/CBSE Net pattern.
Tables:-
A table is a systematic arrangement of data into vertical columns and horizontal rows.
The process of arranging data into rows and columns is called tabulations.
Purpose:-
The purpose of tabulation is to present the data in such a way that it becomes more
meaningful and can be easily understood by a common man. However, in case of voluminous
data, it may require closer reading than graphs of charts and hence is difficult and time
consuming to interpret.
Essential Parts of a Table:-
A Statistical table is divided into eight, parts, which are explained below;
1- Title of the table:- A title is a heading at the top of the table describing its contents. It
mainly reflects upon the nature of the data, where the data is what time period the data
covers, and how the data is classified.
2- Caption:- The headings for various columns and rows are called column captions and
row captions.
3- Box head:- The portion of the table containing column caption is called box head.
4- Stub:- The portion of the table containing row caption is called stub.
5- Body of the table:- The body of the table contains the statistical data which has to be
presented in different rows and columns.
6- Prefatory notes or head notes:- Prefatory notes appear between the title and the body of
the table and are enclosed in brackets. They are used to throw some light about the units
of measurements, in lakhs, in thousands, and so on.
7- Footnote:- A footnote is always given at the bottom of the table but above the source
note. A footnote is a statement about something which is not clear from heading, title
stubs, captions and so on.
8- Source note:- A source note is placed immediately below the table but after the footnote.
It refers to the source from where information has been taken.
Circle Graphs (or Pie Charts):-
Circle graphs are used to show how various sectors are in the whole. Circle graphs are
sometimes called pie charts, circle graphs usually give the percent that each sector receives.
In such representation the total quantity in question is distributed over a total angle of
360o
. While using pie chart to find the ratios of various sectors, there is no need to find the
amounts each sector received and then the ratio of the amount. Find the ratio of the percents,
which is much easier.
Simple Bar Graphs:-
Bar charts are one of the easiest, graphically attractive, and hence most commonly
used methods of presenting all types of data. Given quantities can be compared by the height
or length of a bar graph. A bar graphs cab either have vertical or horizontal bars.
The width of the bars is largely inessential and is used only for clarity of presentation.
We can compare different quantities or the same quantity at different times.
Examples:
During the year
State
Year
A B C D E F
Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed
1994 1200 105 1400 125 1650 140 1450 160 1700 185 1800 165
1995 1450 110 1250 130 1500 125 1600 145 1850 170 1650 170
1996 1100 120 1300 115 1400 150 1250 120 1400 160 1550 140
1997 1350 125 1100 120 1550 145 1300 140 1550 155 1700 155
1998 1400 135 1550 105 1750 155 1400 155 1650 175 1750 160
1999 1500 140 1450 110 1700 130 1500 165 1500 165 1600 175
Q.1 What is the approximate percentage of the passed candidates jointly from all the six
states to the presented candidates in the year 1994?
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 12 (e) 14
Q.2 Which one of the following states has maximum percentage of the passed candidates
to the presented candidates in 1996?
(a) B (b) D (c) C (d) E (e) None of these
Q.3 What is the percentage of passed candidates jointly from the state 'C' in the year 1995
and 1998 to the presented candidates jointly from the state 'B' in the year 1994 and
1997?
(a) 12.5 (b) 10.8 (c) 10.2 (d) 12.4 (e) None of these
Q.4 What is the approximate average number of passed candidates from state 'D' in the
given years?
(a) 148 (b) 158 (c) 142 (d) 154 (e) 140
Q.5 Which one of the following years has least percentage of passed candidates to the
presented candidates from the state 'F'?
(a) 1998 (b) 1997 (c) 1996 (d) 1994 (e) None of these
Solution
1. Total number of all presented candidates of all six states in the year 1994
= 1200 + 1400 + 1650 + 1450 + 1700 + 1800
= 9200
Total number of passed candidates of all six states in the year 1994
= 105 + 125 + 140 + 160 + 185 + 165
= 880
Requires percentage =
= 10% (Approx.)
Therefore, the answer is (B).
2. The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state A in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'B' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'C' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'D' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'E' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'F' in 1996
The percentage of state 'E' is the highest. Hence, the answer is (D).
3. The number of passed candidates of state (C) jointly in the year 1995 and 1998
= 125 + 155 = 280
The number of presented candidates of state 'B' jointly in the year 1994 and 1998
= 1400 + 1100 = 2500
Requires percentage =
= 111.2
Hence, the correct answer is (E).
4. Required average number
=
Therefore, the correct answer will be (A).
5. The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates from state 'F' in 1994
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in the 1995
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1997
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1998
And the percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1999
The least percentage is in 1996.
The correct answer will be (C).
Data Interpretation:-
Data interpretation is one of the easiest sections of UGC/CBSE Paper I. It is basically
about drawing conclusions and inferences from a comprehensive data presented numerically
in a tabular or graphical form by means of an illustration, namely, graphs, pie charts, and so
on. Thus, the act of organizing and interpreting data to get meaningful information is data
interpretation. The important aspects of data sources their acquisitions, and interpretation
have been covered in Unit II on Research Aptitude. In this unit, the focus is one solving
practical problems as per questions asked in the UGC/CBSE Net pattern.
Tables:-
A table is a systematic arrangement of data into vertical columns and horizontal rows.
The process of arranging data into rows and columns is called tabulations.
Purpose:-
The purpose of tabulation is to present the data in such a way that it becomes more
meaningful and can be easily understood by a common man. However, in case of voluminous
data, it may require closer reading than graphs of charts and hence is difficult and time
consuming to interpret.
Essential Parts of a Table:-
A Statistical table is divided into eight, parts, which are explained below;
1- Title of the table:- A title is a heading at the top of the table describing its contents. It
mainly reflects upon the nature of the data, where the data is what time period the data
covers, and how the data is classified.
2- Caption:- The headings for various columns and rows are called column captions and
row captions.
3- Box head:- The portion of the table containing column caption is called box head.
4- Stub:- The portion of the table containing row caption is called stub.
5- Body of the table:- The body of the table contains the statistical data which has to be
presented in different rows and columns.
6- Prefatory notes or head notes:- Prefatory notes appear between the title and the body of
the table and are enclosed in brackets. They are used to throw some light about the units
of measurements, in lakhs, in thousands, and so on.
7- Footnote:- A footnote is always given at the bottom of the table but above the source
note. A footnote is a statement about something which is not clear from heading, title
stubs, captions and so on.
8- Source note:- A source note is placed immediately below the table but after the footnote.
It refers to the source from where information has been taken.
Circle Graphs (or Pie Charts):-
Circle graphs are used to show how various sectors are in the whole. Circle graphs are
sometimes called pie charts, circle graphs usually give the percent that each sector receives.
In such representation the total quantity in question is distributed over a total angle of
360o
. While using pie chart to find the ratios of various sectors, there is no need to find the
amounts each sector received and then the ratio of the amount. Find the ratio of the percents,
which is much easier.
Simple Bar Graphs:-
Bar charts are one of the easiest, graphically attractive, and hence most commonly
used methods of presenting all types of data. Given quantities can be compared by the height
or length of a bar graph. A bar graphs cab either have vertical or horizontal bars.
The width of the bars is largely inessential and is used only for clarity of presentation.
We can compare different quantities or the same quantity at different times.
Examples:
During the year
State
Year
A B C D E F
Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed Pre-
sented
Passed
1994 1200 105 1400 125 1650 140 1450 160 1700 185 1800 165
1995 1450 110 1250 130 1500 125 1600 145 1850 170 1650 170
1996 1100 120 1300 115 1400 150 1250 120 1400 160 1550 140
1997 1350 125 1100 120 1550 145 1300 140 1550 155 1700 155
1998 1400 135 1550 105 1750 155 1400 155 1650 175 1750 160
1999 1500 140 1450 110 1700 130 1500 165 1500 165 1600 175
Q.1 What is the approximate percentage of the passed candidates jointly from all the six
states to the presented candidates in the year 1994?
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 12 (e) 14
Q.2 Which one of the following states has maximum percentage of the passed candidates
to the presented candidates in 1996?
(a) B (b) D (c) C (d) E (e) None of these
Q.3 What is the percentage of passed candidates jointly from the state 'C' in the year 1995
and 1998 to the presented candidates jointly from the state 'B' in the year 1994 and
1997?
(a) 12.5 (b) 10.8 (c) 10.2 (d) 12.4 (e) None of these
Q.4 What is the approximate average number of passed candidates from state 'D' in the
given years?
(a) 148 (b) 158 (c) 142 (d) 154 (e) 140
Q.5 Which one of the following years has least percentage of passed candidates to the
presented candidates from the state 'F'?
(a) 1998 (b) 1997 (c) 1996 (d) 1994 (e) None of these
Solution
1. Total number of all presented candidates of all six states in the year 1994
= 1200 + 1400 + 1650 + 1450 + 1700 + 1800
= 9200
Total number of passed candidates of all six states in the year 1994
= 105 + 125 + 140 + 160 + 185 + 165
= 880
Requires percentage =
= 10% (Approx.)
Therefore, the answer is (B).
2. The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state A in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'B' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'C' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'D' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'E' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to presented candidates of state 'F' in 1996
The percentage of state 'E' is the highest. Hence, the answer is (D).
3. The number of passed candidates of state (C) jointly in the year 1995 and 1998
= 125 + 155 = 280
The number of presented candidates of state 'B' jointly in the year 1994 and 1998
= 1400 + 1100 = 2500
Requires percentage =
= 111.2
Hence, the correct answer is (E).
4. Required average number
=
Therefore, the correct answer will be (A).
5. The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates from state 'F' in 1994
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in the 1995
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1996
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1997
The percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1998
And the percentage of passed candidates to the presented candidates of state 'F' in 1999
The least percentage is in 1996.
The correct answer will be (C).
