COMMUNICATION NOTES
COMMUNICATION
Concept and definition:-
Communicate is most integral part of human nature. Human beings have a
compulsive urge to communicate with each other as more than 70% of their time is spent in
communicating with other. No meaningful understanding is possible without
communications. Of all creatures, man has the ability and power to express in words. The
evolution of mankind is basically the story of his/her progress in communication methods.
There are many definitions of communication. According to oxfords dictionary,
communication is transferring or conveying of meaning.
According to Wilbur Schramm, Communication is sharing of experience on the basis
of commonness.
Berlo tried to explain commutation a S-R Model or sender receiver model where
Sender stands for stimulus and Receiver stands for response.
This was later extended to S-M-C-R Model that stands for sender Message Channel
Receiver. It is the basic communication process.
Functions and objectives of communication:-
1. Information to keep oneself updated and for decision making
2. Education and instruction
3. Smooth functioning of groups
4. Motivation and morale
5. Control
6. Cultural promotion
7. Integration
Nature and Characteristic of communication:-
1. Communication is continuous;-It is not a random exercise, it is always with some
purpose. It is predictable and dependable.
2. Communication is all pervasive:-Communication is omnipresent: it exists at all levels
of organizations. The top level conveys information to the middle level and vice versa.
Similarly the middle level conveys information to the supervisory staff and vice versa.
There is flow of communication in all directions in a workplace.
3. Effective communication is a two way process:-Communication can occur only when
there are at least two individuals.
4. Communication is always with content and a relationship aspect:- Both in terms of (i)
what you say and (ii) how you say the matter. Same message can be communicated
authoritatively or politely.
5. Communication exchanges are based on symmetry and complementary:-Symmetry
refers to similarity and complimentary refers to the differences in characteristics.
6. Common language:- To increase the possibility of effectual communication senders
must speak in a language the receiver is familiar with.
7. Communication always has a context:- Communication always takes place with a
context. According to Bateson, without context, words and action don't carry and
meaning at all. The context of communication has four dimensions.
a. Social context:- It refers to the place where communication is taking place in public
conference room, class room, etc. It may refer to the ambience of the place as well.
b. Social context:- If refers to the parties involved in communication process. What role,
status and relationship exist between them? What are the norms and the culture of the
society in which they communicate?
c. Psychological context:- Is the environment characterized by formality or informality
friendliness or unfriendliness.
d. Temporal context:- It refers to the time factor in communication such as at what time of
the day communication is taking place.
Communication skills;-
Communication skills include the following.
1. Listening skill
2. Speaking skill
3. Writing skill
4. Reading skill
Elements in Basic communication Process;-
1. Source/sender:- A person, thing or event that provides verbal or non verbal clues to
which someone can respond.
2. Receiver:- A person who interprets a message sent by a source.
3. Message:- A set of verbal or non- verbal cues sent by a source. Message can be
spoken or written in words, gestures, movement, etc.
4. Symbols:-A symbol is something that represents something else, it cab be verbal or
non verbal.
5. Channel:-A channel is the means used to convey stimuli. The most common channels
are visual and auditory, and other channels utilize tactile (touch), gustatory (taste) and
olfactory (smell) senses.
6. Encoding:-Encoding is the process of selecting symbols to express an idea or feeling
that the source wishes to communicate.
7. Decoding:- It is the process by which the receiver translates the symbols provided by
the source.
8. Feedback:- It is response a receiver gives to sender as a result of sender's massage.
9. Noise:- Noise is anything that distorts or interferes with the message; it can be
external.
Process of classroom communication (Cole and Chan Model)
Communication is an integral part of any teaching learning process and its
effectiveness is one of the factors that determine the degree to which the intended learning
outcomes are achieved.
According to Cole and Chan, typical process of classroom communication (and
communication in general as well) includes five distinct stages.
1. Formulations of message
2. Encoding of message
3. Transmission of message
4. Decoding and interpretation of message
5. Feedback and evaluation
Formulation of message:-
1. All communication starts with an idea or a message that is to be transmitted to target
audience (individual) with a motive to get a positive response. Communicator (sender or
encoder) is the one who initiates the communication process.
2. A message is a set of verbal or non verbal cues sent by a source.
3. An effective communication depends on the communication skill, knowledge level and
attitude of the communicator and how he/she desires to affect his/her receiver.
4. As far as teachers are concerned, they conceptualize ideas to be conveyed to student by
arranging them in coherent and meaning full sequence.
Message Encoding:-
1. The internal shaping, sorting and sifting or ideas for clarification and organization is
called message formulation. Its purpose is to create a clear and meaningful message.
2. Encoding involves converting an idea into a form that can be transmitted to receives.
3. The communicator not only translates his/her purpose (ideas, thoughts or information)
into a message but also decides on the medium to communicate his/her planed message.
4. The communicator must choose the media (speech, writing signaling, or gestures) that
5he receiver can comprehend well. For instance, an illiterate receiver may fail to
understand a written message but can understand it well if told orally.
5. Teachers encode their ideas in different ways according to the demand of the various
curricula. It is the teacher's responsibility to use appropriate symbolic forms for each
subject and to teach student to use these forms.
Message Transmission:-
1. It is a critical stage in the communication process, and it answers haw a message is
delivered.
Message Decoding and interpretation:-
1. Decoding is interpretation of the message by the receiver. Actually the receiver looks for
meaning in the message that is common to both the receiver and the communicator.
2. If the receiver possesses the background information and is familiar with the form of
language used, it becomes easier for him/her to decode and comprehend the message.
3. If the receiver does not have the ability to listen read and think he/she will not be able to
receive and decode the messages in the manner the communicator wants him/her to.
4. For effective communication the receiver is the most important link in the communication
process.
Feedback and Evaluation:-
Feedback is the response or acknowledgement of the receive to the communicator's
message. The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds.
Noise:-
Noise is an interruption that can creep in at any point of time in the communication
process and make it ineffective.
1. Physiological noise: It is distraction cause by hunger, fatigue, headache medication
etc.
2. Physical noise: It is interference in our environment.
3. Psychological noise: It refers to the qualities in us that affect how we communicate
and interpret other.
4. Semantic noise: It occurs when word themselves are not mutually understood.
Types of communication:-
Formal communication follows a hierarchy the official channel established. Informal
communication does not follow the official channel.
Types of Communication on the Basis of Relationship Element
Intrapersonal Communication;-
1. It is communication within an individual almost all the times, including talking to one self
listening to oneself and relating one to oneself.
Muttering 'Oh My god' 'Oh No' (when in trouble), 'Wow' 'Thank God' are few
common example of intrapersonal communication.
Interpersonal communication
1. It is also termed as dyadic communication.
2. It is universal form of face to face routine communication between two persons. Both
sending and receiving messages.
3. It may be formal or informal, verbal or non verbal.
4. It is an effective communication situation because you can get immediate feedback.
Group communication
1. It is an extension of interpersonal communication where more than two individual are
involved in exchange or ideas, skills and interests.
2. It provides an opportunity for people to come together to discuss and exchange view
of common interest.
Mass Communication
1. It is also termed as mediated communication.
2. It is a special kind of communication with mass audiences and hence the name mass
communication.
Communication Types on the Basis of Channels
On the basis of channels communication is of two types.
1. Verbal communication
2. Nonverbal communication
Verbal communication
Verbal means the use of words in communication process and in design and
formulation of messages.
a. Oral communication
b. Written communication
Concept and definition:-
Communicate is most integral part of human nature. Human beings have a
compulsive urge to communicate with each other as more than 70% of their time is spent in
communicating with other. No meaningful understanding is possible without
communications. Of all creatures, man has the ability and power to express in words. The
evolution of mankind is basically the story of his/her progress in communication methods.
There are many definitions of communication. According to oxfords dictionary,
communication is transferring or conveying of meaning.
According to Wilbur Schramm, Communication is sharing of experience on the basis
of commonness.
Berlo tried to explain commutation a S-R Model or sender receiver model where
Sender stands for stimulus and Receiver stands for response.
This was later extended to S-M-C-R Model that stands for sender Message Channel
Receiver. It is the basic communication process.
Functions and objectives of communication:-
1. Information to keep oneself updated and for decision making
2. Education and instruction
3. Smooth functioning of groups
4. Motivation and morale
5. Control
6. Cultural promotion
7. Integration
Nature and Characteristic of communication:-
1. Communication is continuous;-It is not a random exercise, it is always with some
purpose. It is predictable and dependable.
2. Communication is all pervasive:-Communication is omnipresent: it exists at all levels
of organizations. The top level conveys information to the middle level and vice versa.
Similarly the middle level conveys information to the supervisory staff and vice versa.
There is flow of communication in all directions in a workplace.
3. Effective communication is a two way process:-Communication can occur only when
there are at least two individuals.
4. Communication is always with content and a relationship aspect:- Both in terms of (i)
what you say and (ii) how you say the matter. Same message can be communicated
authoritatively or politely.
5. Communication exchanges are based on symmetry and complementary:-Symmetry
refers to similarity and complimentary refers to the differences in characteristics.
6. Common language:- To increase the possibility of effectual communication senders
must speak in a language the receiver is familiar with.
7. Communication always has a context:- Communication always takes place with a
context. According to Bateson, without context, words and action don't carry and
meaning at all. The context of communication has four dimensions.
a. Social context:- It refers to the place where communication is taking place in public
conference room, class room, etc. It may refer to the ambience of the place as well.
b. Social context:- If refers to the parties involved in communication process. What role,
status and relationship exist between them? What are the norms and the culture of the
society in which they communicate?
c. Psychological context:- Is the environment characterized by formality or informality
friendliness or unfriendliness.
d. Temporal context:- It refers to the time factor in communication such as at what time of
the day communication is taking place.
Communication skills;-
Communication skills include the following.
1. Listening skill
2. Speaking skill
3. Writing skill
4. Reading skill
Elements in Basic communication Process;-
1. Source/sender:- A person, thing or event that provides verbal or non verbal clues to
which someone can respond.
2. Receiver:- A person who interprets a message sent by a source.
3. Message:- A set of verbal or non- verbal cues sent by a source. Message can be
spoken or written in words, gestures, movement, etc.
4. Symbols:-A symbol is something that represents something else, it cab be verbal or
non verbal.
5. Channel:-A channel is the means used to convey stimuli. The most common channels
are visual and auditory, and other channels utilize tactile (touch), gustatory (taste) and
olfactory (smell) senses.
6. Encoding:-Encoding is the process of selecting symbols to express an idea or feeling
that the source wishes to communicate.
7. Decoding:- It is the process by which the receiver translates the symbols provided by
the source.
8. Feedback:- It is response a receiver gives to sender as a result of sender's massage.
9. Noise:- Noise is anything that distorts or interferes with the message; it can be
external.
Process of classroom communication (Cole and Chan Model)
Communication is an integral part of any teaching learning process and its
effectiveness is one of the factors that determine the degree to which the intended learning
outcomes are achieved.
According to Cole and Chan, typical process of classroom communication (and
communication in general as well) includes five distinct stages.
1. Formulations of message
2. Encoding of message
3. Transmission of message
4. Decoding and interpretation of message
5. Feedback and evaluation
Formulation of message:-
1. All communication starts with an idea or a message that is to be transmitted to target
audience (individual) with a motive to get a positive response. Communicator (sender or
encoder) is the one who initiates the communication process.
2. A message is a set of verbal or non verbal cues sent by a source.
3. An effective communication depends on the communication skill, knowledge level and
attitude of the communicator and how he/she desires to affect his/her receiver.
4. As far as teachers are concerned, they conceptualize ideas to be conveyed to student by
arranging them in coherent and meaning full sequence.
Message Encoding:-
1. The internal shaping, sorting and sifting or ideas for clarification and organization is
called message formulation. Its purpose is to create a clear and meaningful message.
2. Encoding involves converting an idea into a form that can be transmitted to receives.
3. The communicator not only translates his/her purpose (ideas, thoughts or information)
into a message but also decides on the medium to communicate his/her planed message.
4. The communicator must choose the media (speech, writing signaling, or gestures) that
5he receiver can comprehend well. For instance, an illiterate receiver may fail to
understand a written message but can understand it well if told orally.
5. Teachers encode their ideas in different ways according to the demand of the various
curricula. It is the teacher's responsibility to use appropriate symbolic forms for each
subject and to teach student to use these forms.
Message Transmission:-
1. It is a critical stage in the communication process, and it answers haw a message is
delivered.
Message Decoding and interpretation:-
1. Decoding is interpretation of the message by the receiver. Actually the receiver looks for
meaning in the message that is common to both the receiver and the communicator.
2. If the receiver possesses the background information and is familiar with the form of
language used, it becomes easier for him/her to decode and comprehend the message.
3. If the receiver does not have the ability to listen read and think he/she will not be able to
receive and decode the messages in the manner the communicator wants him/her to.
4. For effective communication the receiver is the most important link in the communication
process.
Feedback and Evaluation:-
Feedback is the response or acknowledgement of the receive to the communicator's
message. The exchange is possible only if the receiver responds.
Noise:-
Noise is an interruption that can creep in at any point of time in the communication
process and make it ineffective.
1. Physiological noise: It is distraction cause by hunger, fatigue, headache medication
etc.
2. Physical noise: It is interference in our environment.
3. Psychological noise: It refers to the qualities in us that affect how we communicate
and interpret other.
4. Semantic noise: It occurs when word themselves are not mutually understood.
Types of communication:-
Formal communication follows a hierarchy the official channel established. Informal
communication does not follow the official channel.
Types of Communication on the Basis of Relationship Element
Intrapersonal Communication;-
1. It is communication within an individual almost all the times, including talking to one self
listening to oneself and relating one to oneself.
Muttering 'Oh My god' 'Oh No' (when in trouble), 'Wow' 'Thank God' are few
common example of intrapersonal communication.
Interpersonal communication
1. It is also termed as dyadic communication.
2. It is universal form of face to face routine communication between two persons. Both
sending and receiving messages.
3. It may be formal or informal, verbal or non verbal.
4. It is an effective communication situation because you can get immediate feedback.
Group communication
1. It is an extension of interpersonal communication where more than two individual are
involved in exchange or ideas, skills and interests.
2. It provides an opportunity for people to come together to discuss and exchange view
of common interest.
Mass Communication
1. It is also termed as mediated communication.
2. It is a special kind of communication with mass audiences and hence the name mass
communication.
Communication Types on the Basis of Channels
On the basis of channels communication is of two types.
1. Verbal communication
2. Nonverbal communication
Verbal communication
Verbal means the use of words in communication process and in design and
formulation of messages.
a. Oral communication
b. Written communication
